Photograph by Ian G. Buckle

Failure of the approach-fill behind north abutment of Tong-tou bridge

Section 1

Introduction

George C. Lee, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York

Section 2

Geology and Tectonics of Taiwan

Chin-Hsiung Loh, National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering, National Taiwan University and George C. Lee, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York

2.1

Correlation of Earthquake Activity with Geologic Structure

2.2

Chi-Chi Earthquake

Section 3

Geotechnical Issues: Restoration Strategies and Research Needs

Thomas D. O’Rourke and Jung-Feng Chang, Cornell University and Meei-Ling Lin, National Taiwan University

3.1

Landslides

3.1.1

Short-Term Recovery Needs

3.1.2

Research Needs

3.2

Surface Faulting

3.2.1

Short-Term Recovery Needs

3.2.2

Research Needs

3.3

Transient Ground Deformation

3.4

References

Section 4

Critical Facilities

Tsu T. Soong, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, George C. Yao, National Cheng Kung University and Chi-Chang Lin, National Chung-Hsing University

4.1

Hospitals

4.1.1

Christian Hospital, Puli

4.1.2

Veterans Hospital, Puli

4.1.3

Shiu-Tuan Hospital, Tsushan

4.1.4

Summary

4.2

Schools

4.3

Police and Fire Stations

4.4

Key Industrial Facilities

4.5

General Observations and Lessons Learned

4.5.1

Seismicity

4.5.2

Structural Damage

4.5.3

Nonstructural Damage

4.6

Research Needs and Recommendations

4.7

References

Section 5

Building Damage

Michel Bruneau, University at Buffalo, State University of New York and Keh-Chyuan Tsai, Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, College of Engineering, National Taiwan University

5.1

Building Characteristics and Building Codes

5.2

Structural Damage

5.2.1

Fault Displacements

5.2.2

Soft Stories

5.2.3

Strong-Beams/Weak Columns

5.2.4

Short Columns

5.2.5

Non-Ductile Detailing

5.2.6

Compatibility of Deformations

5.2.7

Impact of Infill Walls

5.2.8

Steel Structures

5.2.9

Other Issues (Nonstructural Damage, Unreinforced Masonry Buildings, Retrofit)

5.3

Recommendations for Short-term Recovery

5.4

Conclusion

5.5

Significance to North America

5.6

References

Section 6

Performance of Highway Bridges

Ian G. Buckle, University of Nevada at Reno, Kuo-Chun Chang, National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering, National Taiwan University  and Jenn-Shin Hwang, National Taiwan Institute of Science and Technology

6.1

Observations

6.2

Lessons Learned

6.3

Recovery Progress

Section 7

Lifeline Damage: Electric Power Systems

Masanobu Shinozuka, University of Southern California, Gee-Yu Liu, National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering and Chin-Hsiung Loh, National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering, National Taiwan University

7.1

Overview of Damage to Electric Power Systems

7.2

Recommendations for Short-Term Recovery

Section 8

Applications of Remote Sensing

Masanobu Shinozuka, University of Southern California, George C. Lee, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Zhe-Jung Chen, National Central University and Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, and Chen-Lien Yen, Office of National Science and Technology Program for Hazard Mitigation

8.1

Recommendations for Short-Term Recovery

Section 9

Economic Impacts

Stephanie E. Chang, University of Washington

9.1

Damage Estimates

9.2

Regional Economic Impact

9.2.1

Economy of the Disaster Region

9.2.2

Losses to Agriculture

9.2.3

Losses to Tourism

9.2.4

Losses to Regional Industry and Commerce

9.3

Impact on National Economy

9.3.1

Electric Power Outage and High-Tech Industries

9.3.2

Effect on GDP, Employment and Other Macroeconomic Indicators

9.4

Reconstruction Finance

9.5

Observations

9.6

Recommendations

9.7

References

Section 10

Emergency Response and Short-Term Restoration

Paul J. Flores, EQE International

10.1

Emergency Response

10.1.1

Mobilization of Military Forces

10.1.2

Urban Search and Rescue

10.1.3

Mass Care and Shelter

10.1.4

Emergency Medical Care

10.1.5

Emergency Response Observations and Recommendations

10.2

Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction

10.2.1

Resettlement of Displaced Individuals and Families

10.2.2

Restoration of Public Facilities

10.2.3

Recovery and Reconstruction Observations and Recommendations

10.3

References

Section 11

Human and Institutional Perspectives of the Chi-Chi Earthquake

George C. Lee, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, University at Buffalo, State University of New York and Chin-Hsiung Loh, National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering, National Taiwan University

11.1

The Public

11.2

The Government

11.3

Some Lessons Learned and Recommendations for Possible Actions

Section 12

Selected Bibliography

12.1

Reconnaissance Reports

12.2

Overviews